{"images":{"banner1200x900":"\/Images\/Ethics@3x.png","banner800x600":"\/Images\/Ethics@2x.png","banner400x300":"\/Images\/Ethics.png"},"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ethics-virtue\/","associatedPhilosophers":[{"username":"@asq_bsq_csq","birthYear":"570 BC","wikiTitle":"Pythagoras","libriVoxIDs":["2490"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/pythagor\/","name":"Pythagoras","interests":"Metaphysics, Music, Mathematics, Ethics, Politics","deathDate":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/pythagoras\/","id":"F8E59A25-343E-4ACA-ACB2-BFC9514488B2","school":"Pythagoreanism","birthDate":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"495 BC","life":"(c.570-c.495 BCE)"},{"birthDate":null,"school":"Pre-Socratic","wikiTitle":"Heraclitus","libriVoxIDs":["2490"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/heraclit\/","name":"Heraclitus","interests":"Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics, Cosmology","deathDate":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/heraclitus\/","birthYear":"535 BC","id":"410D7B25-4F70-4346-A01A-CA556498FFFE","username":"@heraclitus","deathYear":"475 BC","hasEBooks":false,"life":"(c.535-c.475 BCE)"},{"hasEBooks":true,"birthYear":"490 BC","wikiTitle":"Protagoras","libriVoxIDs":["7416"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/protagor\/","name":"Protagoras","interests":"Language, Semantics, Relativism, Rhetoric, Agnosticism, Ethics","id":"A839315F-7D16-4116-8352-D26707C36D6E","deathDate":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sophists\/#Pro","birthDate":null,"school":"Sophism","deathYear":"420 BC","username":"@protagoras","life":"(c.490-c.420 BCE)"},{"username":"@soc_it_to_me","deathDate":null,"wikiTitle":"Socrates","libriVoxIDs":["1268"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/socrates\/","name":"Socrates","interests":"Epistemology, Ethics","id":"3F7ED55D-F092-445A-99BB-3C232FC9A132","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/socrates\/","birthDate":null,"school":"Classical Greek","birthYear":"470 BC","deathYear":"399 BC","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(c.470-399 BCE)"},{"birthYear":"427 BC","deathYear":"347 BC","wikiTitle":"Plato","libriVoxIDs":["2707","8355","3485","5566","8603","7237"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/plato\/","name":"Plato","interests":"Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism","id":"4B7B8E3A-A01C-41B5-89B7-F6464C64A104","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/plato\/","birthDate":null,"school":"Platonism","username":"@plato","hasEBooks":true,"deathDate":null,"life":"(c.427-c.347 BCE)"},{"username":"@notOnassis","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/","wikiTitle":"Aristotle","libriVoxIDs":["4237","5726","9077","5224","3733","4262","240","1360","4114","4863"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/aristotl\/","name":"Aristotle","interests":"Biology, Zoology, Physics, Metaphysics, Logic, Ethics, Rhetoric, Music, Poetry, Theatre, Politics, Government","deathDate":null,"birthDate":null,"id":"29CAB993-0821-4680-B05C-3DD5892EEC55","school":"Aristotelianism","birthYear":"384 BC","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"322 BC","life":"(384-322 BCE)"},{"school":"Neo-Platonism","deathDate":"28 August 430","wikiTitle":"Augustine of Hippo","libriVoxIDs":["1691","754"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/augustin\/","name":"Augustine of Hippo","interests":"Christianity, Metaphysics","id":"6B723679-7DB0-47FB-8A19-EBDD7C812DE8","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/augustine\/","birthYear":"354 AD","username":"@saint","birthDate":"13 November 0354","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"430 AD","life":"(354-430)"},{"id":"843F1E7E-6AE7-4E3E-8FD7-780CB10BA017","birthDate":null,"wikiTitle":"Thomas Aquinas","libriVoxIDs":["2443","2502","3204","6232","8490","8847","9608"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/aquinas\/","name":"Thomas Aquinas","interests":"Metaphysics, Logic, Theology, Mind, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics","deathDate":"7 March 1274","birthYear":"1225 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aquinas\/","school":"Thomism","username":"@aquinas","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1274 AD","life":"(1225-1274)"},{"deathDate":"4 December 1679","school":"Social Contract","wikiTitle":"Thomas Hobbes","libriVoxIDs":["875","1875","10133"],"topicalDescription":"Thomas Hobbes famous for his claim that the state of nature is “a war of all against all” that required a Leviathan to establish order. Hobbes’s worldview has been referenced to justify a muscular foreign policy.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/hobmoral\/","name":"Thomas Hobbes","interests":"Political Philosophy, History, Ethics, Geometry","id":"EADA6FFC-5014-484E-988E-6A06F5AD949A","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hobbes\/","birthYear":"1588 AD","username":"@Calvin_n_ThomasHobbes","birthDate":"5 April 1588","deathYear":"1679 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1588-1679)"},{"deathDate":"23 January 1744","hasEBooks":false,"wikiTitle":"Giambattista Vico","libriVoxIDs":[],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/vico\/","name":"Giambattista Vico","interests":"Politics, Ethics, History, Jurisprudence","id":"C3CC174E-1109-4E7A-B5BF-239C3612CA3B","birthYear":"1668 AD","birthDate":"23 June 1668","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/vico\/","username":"@Vico","deathYear":"1744 AD","school":"","life":"(1668-1744)"},{"life":"(1711-1776)","hasEBooks":true,"wikiTitle":"David Hume","libriVoxIDs":["1093","944","7825","2656","3349"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/hume\/","name":"David Hume","interests":"Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind, Political Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Classical economics","deathDate":"25 August 1776","id":"0506F72D-FCD9-4F55-BD23-38953ADD2F88","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hume\/","username":"@DHume","school":"Empiricism","deathYear":"1776 AD","birthYear":"1711 AD","birthDate":"7 May 1711"},{"id":"8D0D5B08-94A1-401D-AF81-25377AEE86DA","birthDate":"22 April 1724","wikiTitle":"Immanuel Kant","libriVoxIDs":["1318","11281","1664","602","508","936"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/kantview\/","name":"Immanuel Kant","interests":"Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Cosmogony","deathDate":"12 February 1804","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/kant\/","birthYear":"1724 AD","username":"@immaculateImmanuel","school":"Kantianism","deathYear":"1804 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1724-1804)"},{"birthDate":"22 February 1788","life":"(1788-1860)","wikiTitle":"Arthur Schopenhauer","libriVoxIDs":["3384","779","9711","9926","10106"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/schopenh\/","name":"Arthur Schopenhauer","interests":"Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Ethics, Phenomenology, Morality, Psychology","deathDate":"21 September 1860","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/schopenhauer\/","id":"51165051-8479-477C-8491-8D508EF230E3","school":"Post-Kantian","username":"@grumpy","deathYear":"1860 AD","birthYear":"1788 AD","hasEBooks":true},{"id":"EA908AB3-5EA0-41A3-A2F3-1A10C7117046","deathYear":"1855 AD","wikiTitle":"Søren Kierkegaard","libriVoxIDs":["3757"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/kierkega\/","name":"Søren Kierkegaard","interests":"Christianity, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Aesthetics, Ethics, Psychology","deathDate":"11 November 1855","birthYear":"1813 AD","birthDate":"5 May 1813","username":"@Kierkegaard","school":"Christian Existentialism","hasEBooks":true,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/kierkegaard\/","life":"(1813-1855)"},{"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nietzsche\/","deathDate":"25 August 1900","wikiTitle":"Friedrich Nietzsche","libriVoxIDs":["498","152","8703","5472","9854","2755","509","985"],"topicalDescription":"Friedrich Nietzsche’s theory of power, authority, and truth posits that fact and reality are shaped by power. That truth does not  exist on some uncontested plain but is rather deeply enmeshed in power relations.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/nietzsch\/","name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","interests":"Aesthetics, Ethics, Metaphysics, Nihilism, Psychology, Ontology, Poetry, Value Theory, Voluntarism, Tragedy, Fact–Value Distinction, Anti-Foundationalism, Philosophy of History","id":"EEDE0B1A-815C-4456-8D2B-0D55028035F8","birthDate":"15 October 1844","birthYear":"1844 AD","username":"@overman","school":"Nietzschean","deathYear":"1900 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1844-1900)"},{"hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1872-1970)","wikiTitle":"Bertrand Russell","libriVoxIDs":["11024","7652","3112","9959","10402","9495","11065","1317"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/russ-eth\/","name":"Bertrand Russell","interests":"Epistemology, Ethics, Logic, Mathematics, Metaphysics, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy of Mathematics, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Perception, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Science","deathDate":"2 February 1970","birthDate":"18 May 1872","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/russell\/","username":"@brussell","id":"FA2E9B06-057A-44A6-AD55-0771949584D3","deathYear":"1970 AD","birthYear":"1872 AD","school":"Analytic Philosophy"},{"birthYear":"1905 AD","school":"Existentialism","wikiTitle":"Jean-Paul Sartre","libriVoxIDs":[],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/","name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","interests":"Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Consciousness, Self-Consciousness, Literature, Political Philosophy, Ontology","id":"5C4140C8-E55F-42D3-A1A6-952D31F524F9","deathDate":"15 April 1980","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sartre\/","username":"@nauseous","birthDate":"21 June 1905","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1980 AD","life":"(1905-1980)"},{"deathYear":"1960 AD","school":"Existentialism","wikiTitle":"Albert Camus","libriVoxIDs":[],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/camus\/","name":"Albert Camus","interests":"Ethics, Humanity, Justice, Politics","id":"68E5964C-2753-4873-8782-E95BDA30FD66","birthDate":"7 November 1913","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/camus\/","username":"@stranger","birthYear":"1913 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathDate":"4 January 1960","life":"(1913-1960)"},{"username":"@baruch","birthYear":"1632 AD","wikiTitle":"Baruch Spinoza","libriVoxIDs":[],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/spinoza\/","name":"Baruch Spinoza","interests":"Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics","deathDate":"21 February 1677","birthDate":"24 November 1632","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/spinoza\/","school":"Rationalism","id":"93D94133-3DC0-42B9-A212-4348EC053CF3","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1677 AD","life":"(1632-1677)"},{"id":"FB944B6B-3638-496F-A6CC-66C4250ED9AD","life":"(1723-1790)","wikiTitle":"Adam Smith","libriVoxIDs":["2013","1756","2222","2810","4069"],"topicalDescription":"Adam Smith’s theory of economics and metaphors of an invisible hand has been used to justify laissez faire economic policies.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/smith\/","name":"Adam Smith","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Economics","deathDate":"17 July 1790","birthDate":"16 June 1723","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/smith-moral-political\/","username":"@InvisibleHand","school":"Classical Economics","hasEBooks":true,"birthYear":"1723 AD","deathYear":"1790 AD"},{"username":"@panopticon","id":"0775D2F7-5F3D-4003-B101-A27738F1DF5D","wikiTitle":"Jeremy Bentham","libriVoxIDs":["2329","1285"],"topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/bentham\/","name":"Jeremy Bentham","interests":"Political Philosophy, Philosophy of Law, Ethics, Economics","deathDate":"6 June 1832","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/bentham\/","birthDate":"15 February 1748","school":"Utilitarianism, Legal Positivism, Liberalism","birthYear":"1748 AD","deathYear":"1832 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1748-1832)"},{"username":"@jsm","wikiTitle":"John Stuart Mill","name":"John Stuart Mill","deathDate":"7 May 1873","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/mill\/","libriVoxIDs":["6955","1080","304","1940","868"],"birthYear":"1806 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1873 AD","life":"(1806-1873)","birthDate":"20 May 1806","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Inductive Logic","id":"7051875D-8E55-451A-A540-A1044F7F8015","school":"Empiricism, Utilitarianism, Liberalism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/milljs\/"},{"username":"@EmGoldman","wikiTitle":"Emma Goldman","name":"Emma Goldman","deathDate":"May 14, 1940","speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":["2293","8362"],"birthYear":"1868 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1940 AD","life":"(1869-1940)","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Law","birthDate":"June 27, 1869","id":"80EC6998-C414-4615-90F8-D7B18D5B3854","school":"Anarchism, Anarcha-Feminism, Anarcho-Communism","topicalDescription":"Emma Goldman, writing from the left, warned repeatedly of the dangers of a prison state and advocated tirelessly for anarchism.","iepLink":null},{"username":"@massculture","wikiTitle":"Theodor W. Adorno","name":"Theodor W. Adorno","deathDate":"August 6, 1969","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/adorno\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1903 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1969 AD","life":"(1903-1969)","id":"C9D4FE75-42D4-4F88-9E9D-A8ECCC08CB7C","birthDate":"September 11, 1903","interests":"Social Theory, Sociology, Psychoanalysis, Aesthetics, Epistemology, Musicology, Mass Media","school":"Frankfurt School","topicalDescription":"Theodor W. Adorno was a critic of the industrialization of the production of art. This critique presaged consolidation of the media industry, which changes not only artistic works but also narrative technique and ultimately self-understanding.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Ayn Rand","username":"@atlas","name":"Ayn Rand","deathDate":"March 6, 1982","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ayn-rand\/","libriVoxIDs":["767"],"birthYear":"1905 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1982 AD","life":"(1905-1982)","birthDate":"February 2, 1905","id":"3ED20891-9043-47CC-BF2F-13F135A07246","interests":"Political Philosophy, Epistemology, Ethics","school":"Objectivism","topicalDescription":"Many on the modern right have taken inspiration from Ayn Rand, particularly her advocation for rational self-interest and radical individualism.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/rand\/"},{"username":"@2ndSimone","wikiTitle":"Simone de Beauvoir","name":"Simone de Beauvoir","deathDate":"14 April 1986","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/beauvoir\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1908 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1986 AD","life":"(1908-1986)","id":"0515F212-B273-41C9-8C90-C08414451714","birthDate":"9 January 1908","interests":"Political Philosophy, Feminism, Ethics, Existential Phenomenology","school":"Existentialism, French Feminism, Marxism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/"},{"wikiTitle":"John Rawls","username":"@veil_of_ignorance","name":"John Rawls","deathDate":"November 24, 2002","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/rawls\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1921 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2002 AD","life":"(1921-2002)","id":"9F487385-705B-4E30-A9A6-6D272E0D4DF4","birthDate":"February 21, 1921","interests":"Political Philosophy, Liberalism, Justice, Politics, Social Contract Theory","school":"Analytic Philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/rawls\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Robert Nozick","username":"@nozick","name":"Robert Nozick","deathDate":"January 23, 2002","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nozick-political\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1938 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2002 AD","life":"(1938-2002)","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Epistemology","id":"236B155A-FD0A-47E4-943A-14C0B57293BB","birthDate":"November 16, 1938","school":"Analytic, Libertarianism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/"},{"username":"@derrida","wikiTitle":"Jacques Derrida","name":"Jacques Derrida","deathDate":"October 9, 2004","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/derrida\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1930 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2004 AD","life":"(1930-2004)","interests":" Ontology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Hermeneutics, Philosophy of Language","birthDate":"July 15, 1930","id":"4C870661-2E10-4B20-B3D0-2462DA8192DF","school":"Continental Philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/derrida\/"},{"username":"@rrorty31","wikiTitle":"Richard Rorty","name":"Richard Rorty","deathDate":"June 8, 2007","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/rorty\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1931 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2007 AD","life":"(1931-2007)","birthDate":"October 4, 1931","id":"5F255A15-B2C6-41A7-ACDB-ECF9B824C8E6","interests":"Epistemology, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind, Ethics, Metaphilosophy, Liberalism, Meta-Epistemology","school":"Pragmatism, Postanalytic Philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/rorty\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Judith Butler","username":"@Judith_Butler","name":"Judith Butler","deathDate":null,"speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1956 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"","life":"(1956)","id":"9FB6BB7A-086C-4FB8-B3EF-7E2857C7E0F3","birthDate":"February 24, 1956","interests":"Feminist Theory, Political Philosophy, Ethics, Psychoanalysis, Discourse, Embodiment, Sexuality, Jewish Philosophy","school":"Continental Philosophy, Third-Wave Feminism, Critical Theory, Queer Theory, Postmodernism, Post-Structuralism","topicalDescription":"Judith Butler’s theory of gender has been formative to trans and queer liberation movement.","iepLink":null},{"wikiTitle":"Jacques Lacan","username":"@mirrorphase","name":"Jacques Lacan","deathDate":"9 September 1981","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1901 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1981 AD","life":"(1901-1981)","id":"9361456C-B420-49CC-A1CB-773BB44F079A","birthDate":"13 April 1901","interests":"Psychology","school":"Lacanian Psychoanalysis","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/lacweb\/"},{"username":"@psinger","wikiTitle":"Peter Singer","name":"Peter Singer","deathDate":null,"speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1946 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"","life":"(1946)","interests":"Ethics, Bioethics, Analytic Philosophy","birthDate":"6 July 1946","id":"2C530DBE-E736-4F42-A285-3F2236174CA2","school":"Utilitarianism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"username":"@chomsky","wikiTitle":"Noam Chomsky","name":"Noam Chomsky","deathDate":null,"speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1928 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"","life":"(1946)","interests":"Linguistics, Politics, Media","id":"3CC9B965-9C88-423A-BDA0-481F078FA3A1","birthDate":"December 7, 1928","school":"Analytic philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"wikiTitle":"Susan Sontag","username":"@susansontag","name":"Susan Sontag","deathDate":"December 28, 2004","speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1933 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2004 AD","life":"(1933-2004)","id":"482D1A47-AE79-4B8F-B160-EFCB131D271E","interests":"Politics, Art, Feminism","birthDate":"January 16, 1933","school":"","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"wikiTitle":"Henry David Thoreau","username":"@SimpleLiving","name":"Henry David Thoreau","deathDate":"May 6, 1862","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/thoreau\/","libriVoxIDs":["549","10188","1118","8964"],"birthYear":"1817 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1862 AD","life":"(1817-1862)","birthDate":"July 12, 1817","id":"9F6757B1-D0C9-4FAC-9ABE-A51F8E4C1961","interests":"Ethics, Poetry, Religion, Politics, History, Biology","school":"Transcendentalism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/thoreau\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Marcus Aurelius","username":"@Emperor","name":"Marcus Aurelius","deathDate":"17 March 0180","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/marcus-aurelius\/","libriVoxIDs":["1095"],"birthYear":"121 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"180 AD","life":"(121-180)","id":"9167C1C4-D3E7-4081-B3F8-00371397B356","interests":"Politics, Ethics","birthDate":"26 April 0121","school":"Stoicism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/marcus\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Epicurus","username":"@epicurious","name":"Epicurus","deathDate":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epicurus\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"341 BC","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"270 BC","life":"(341-270 BCE)","interests":"Physics, ethics, epistemology","id":"590E6793-C4CA-4BDE-B8DD-E828951339B3","birthDate":null,"school":"Epicureanism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/epicur\/"},{"username":"@divine","wikiTitle":"Dante Alighieri","name":"Dante Alighieri","deathDate":"September 13, 1321","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/dante\/","libriVoxIDs":["8972","8834","8836","8924","8944","9496","9565","12274"],"birthYear":"1265 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1321 AD","life":"(1265-1321)","interests":"Theology, Politics, Ethics","birthDate":null,"id":"9AB7B738-3926-4290-BA69-70D0A2F5EEC2","school":"Christian Philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"wikiTitle":"Mary Wollstonecraft","username":"@wollstonecraft","name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","deathDate":"10 September 1797","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/","libriVoxIDs":["83","4656","5469","6734","8872"],"birthYear":"1759 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1797 AD","life":"(1759-1797)","birthDate":"27 April 1759","id":"CCC2816D-0CB9-44F4-98C9-CAE66F2EACD3","interests":"Feminism, Politics, Ethics","school":"Feminism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"username":"@cynical","wikiTitle":"Diogenes","name":"Diogenes","deathDate":null,"speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"412 BC","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"323 BC","life":"(c.412-323 BCE)","id":"28FC9356-FD10-49E5-A10B-F3B3D06B6A3B","interests":"Asceticism, Cynicism","birthDate":null,"school":"Cynicism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/diogsino\/"},{"username":"@Positive","wikiTitle":"Auguste Comte","name":"Auguste Comte","deathDate":"5 September 1857","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/comte\/","libriVoxIDs":["11694"],"birthYear":"1798 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1857 AD","life":"(1798-1857)","interests":"Encyclopedic Law, Altruism, Positivism","birthDate":"19 January 1798","id":"389472AB-3BF9-4E5E-BB9E-A5B858BFD20D","school":"Positivism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"wikiTitle":"Francis Bacon","username":"@Bacon","name":"Francis Bacon","deathDate":"9 April 1626","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/francis-bacon\/","libriVoxIDs":["744","2864","5965","12806"],"birthYear":"1561 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1626 AD","life":"(1561-1626)","birthDate":"22 January 1561","interests":"Natural philosophy, Philosophical logic","id":"4E6E7356-E6E7-4F0A-BA66-5502F858E1CF","school":"Empiricism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/bacon\/"},{"username":"@h2oLover","wikiTitle":"Thales of Miletus","name":"Thales of Miletus","deathDate":null,"speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"0623 BC","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"0545 BC","life":"c. (623-545 BCE)","interests":"Ethics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Astronomy","birthDate":null,"id":"5B8D36E5-56E2-47E4-9C4C-34A0F107D9B1","school":"Naturalism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/thales\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Johann Gottlieb Fichte","username":"@JGF","name":"Johann Gottlieb Fichte","deathDate":"27 January 1814","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/johann-fichte\/","libriVoxIDs":["8557"],"birthYear":"1762 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1814 AD","life":"(1762-1814)","birthDate":"19 May 1762","interests":"Self-Consciousness and Self-Awareness, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy","id":"2EE09BAD-1395-4394-8F6F-EB591069AE66","school":"German Idealism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/fichtejg\/"},{"wikiTitle":"G. E. M. Anscombe","username":"@BruteFactsStated","name":"Elizabeth Anscombe","deathDate":"5 January 2001","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/anscombe\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1919 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2001 AD","life":"(1919-2001)","birthDate":"18 March 1919","interests":"Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Action, Philosophical Logic, Philosophy of Language, Ethics","id":"215CFEFE-7D4B-400D-A14B-CD4BE9E0AA30","school":"Analytical Thomism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/anscombe\/"},{"wikiTitle":"John Dewey","username":"@dewey","name":"John Dewey","deathDate":"June 1, 1952","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/dewey\/","libriVoxIDs":["4492","10157","13087","13700","13326","14362"],"birthYear":"1859 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1952 AD","life":"(1859-1952)","id":"35859990-0911-447A-8254-CDFE783671BF","birthDate":"October 20, 1859","interests":"Philosophy of Education, Epistemology, Ethics","school":"Pragmatism, Instrumentalism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/dewey\/"},{"username":"@T_Nagel","wikiTitle":"Thomas Nagel","name":"Thomas Nagel","deathDate":null,"speLink":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1937 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":null,"life":"(1937)","birthDate":"July 4, 1937","id":"87CC8B86-67A2-4481-B7C6-F4E8CE10DEA0","interests":"Politics, Ethics, Philosophy of Mind, Epistemology","school":"Analytic philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null},{"username":"@theYounger","wikiTitle":"Seneca the Younger","name":"Seneca","deathDate":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/seneca\/","libriVoxIDs":["4947","5146","9230","11077"],"birthYear":"0004 BC","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"0065 AD","life":"(c. 4 BCE - 65 CE)","birthDate":null,"interests":"Ethics","id":"8CDFDB0C-F4F4-40F9-B00D-0C7EB20E9D1F","school":"Stoicism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/seneca\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Jane Addams","username":"@Addams_Jane","name":"Jane Addams","deathDate":"May 21, 1935","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/addams-jane\/","libriVoxIDs":["4673","4859"],"birthYear":"1860 AD","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1935 AD","life":"(1915-1980)","id":"590670FA-ADBE-4D76-8791-02A88B5E4CC0","birthDate":"September 6, 1860","interests":"Sociology, Politics","school":"Pragmatism","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/addamsj\/"},{"wikiTitle":"Herbert Marcuse","username":"@One-Dimensional-Man","name":"Herbert Marcuse","deathDate":"July 29, 1979","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/marcuse\/","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthYear":"1898 AD","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1979 AD","life":"(1898-1979)","interests":"Social Theory, Communism, Socialism, Industrialism, Technology","birthDate":"July 19, 1898","id":"1B5A089D-F27A-4D71-BE93-959B0FCD7600","school":"Continental Philosophy","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null}],"abbreviation":"et","name":"Ethics","id":"8EE0CCCC-DC36-48E7-ADB2-25686F6EEBDF","description":"Ethics attempts to systematize, define, and recommend right and wrong conduct.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/ethics\/","wikiTitle":"Ethics"}