{"id":"8EE0CCCC-DC36-48E7-ADB2-25686F6EEBDF","images":{"banner1200x900":"\/Images\/Ethics@3x.png","banner400x300":"\/Images\/Ethics.png","banner800x600":"\/Images\/Ethics@2x.png"},"abbreviation":"et","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/ethics\/","wikiTitle":"Ethics","description":"Ethics attempts to systematize, define, and recommend right and wrong conduct.","name":"Ethics","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ethics-virtue\/","associatedPhilosophers":[{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["2490"],"birthDate":null,"username":"@asq_bsq_csq","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/pythagoras\/","deathYear":"495 BC","wikiTitle":"Pythagoras","hasEBooks":false,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/pythagor\/","life":"(c.570-c.495 BCE)","birthYear":"570 BC","school":"Pythagoreanism","id":"F8E59A25-343E-4ACA-ACB2-BFC9514488B2","name":"Pythagoras","interests":"Metaphysics, Music, Mathematics, Ethics, Politics"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["2490"],"birthDate":null,"username":"@heraclitus","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/heraclitus\/","deathYear":"475 BC","wikiTitle":"Heraclitus","hasEBooks":false,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/heraclit\/","life":"(c.535-c.475 BCE)","school":"Pre-Socratic","id":"410D7B25-4F70-4346-A01A-CA556498FFFE","name":"Heraclitus","birthYear":"535 BC","interests":"Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics, Cosmology"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["7416"],"username":"@protagoras","birthDate":null,"topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sophists\/#Pro","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/protagor\/","deathYear":"420 BC","hasEBooks":true,"wikiTitle":"Protagoras","life":"(c.490-c.420 BCE)","birthYear":"490 BC","name":"Protagoras","school":"Sophism","id":"A839315F-7D16-4116-8352-D26707C36D6E","interests":"Language, Semantics, Relativism, Rhetoric, Agnosticism, Ethics"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["1268"],"username":"@soc_it_to_me","birthDate":null,"topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/socrates\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/socrates\/","deathYear":"399 BC","hasEBooks":true,"wikiTitle":"Socrates","life":"(c.470-399 BCE)","birthYear":"470 BC","name":"Socrates","school":"Classical Greek","id":"3F7ED55D-F092-445A-99BB-3C232FC9A132","interests":"Epistemology, Ethics"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["2707","8355","3485","5566","8603","7237"],"birthDate":null,"username":"@plato","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/plato\/","wikiTitle":"Plato","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/plato\/","deathYear":"347 BC","life":"(c.427-c.347 BCE)","birthYear":"427 BC","name":"Plato","school":"Platonism","id":"4B7B8E3A-A01C-41B5-89B7-F6464C64A104","interests":"Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["4237","5726","9077","5224","3733","4262","240","1360","4114","4863"],"birthDate":null,"username":"@notOnassis","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/aristotl\/","deathYear":"322 BC","wikiTitle":"Aristotle","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(384-322 BCE)","school":"Aristotelianism","name":"Aristotle","id":"29CAB993-0821-4680-B05C-3DD5892EEC55","birthYear":"384 BC","interests":"Biology, Zoology, Physics, Metaphysics, Logic, Ethics, Rhetoric, Music, Poetry, Theatre, Politics, Government"},{"deathDate":"28 August 430","libriVoxIDs":["1691","754"],"username":"@saint","birthDate":"13 November 0354","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/augustin\/","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/augustine\/","wikiTitle":"Augustine of Hippo","deathYear":"430 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(354-430)","school":"Neo-Platonism","name":"Augustine of Hippo","id":"6B723679-7DB0-47FB-8A19-EBDD7C812DE8","birthYear":"354 AD","interests":"Christianity, Metaphysics"},{"deathDate":"7 March 1274","libriVoxIDs":["2443","2502","3204","6232","8490","8847","9608"],"username":"@aquinas","birthDate":null,"topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aquinas\/","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1274 AD","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/aquinas\/","wikiTitle":"Thomas Aquinas","life":"(1225-1274)","id":"843F1E7E-6AE7-4E3E-8FD7-780CB10BA017","school":"Thomism","name":"Thomas Aquinas","birthYear":"1225 AD","interests":"Metaphysics, Logic, Theology, Mind, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics"},{"deathDate":"4 December 1679","libriVoxIDs":["875","1875","10133"],"birthDate":"5 April 1588","username":"@Calvin_n_ThomasHobbes","topicalDescription":"Thomas Hobbes famous for his claim that the state of nature is “a war of all against all” that required a Leviathan to establish order. Hobbes’s worldview has been referenced to justify a muscular foreign policy.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/hobmoral\/","deathYear":"1679 AD","wikiTitle":"Thomas Hobbes","hasEBooks":true,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hobbes\/","life":"(1588-1679)","id":"EADA6FFC-5014-484E-988E-6A06F5AD949A","name":"Thomas Hobbes","birthYear":"1588 AD","school":"Social Contract","interests":"Political Philosophy, History, Ethics, Geometry"},{"deathDate":"23 January 1744","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"23 June 1668","username":"@Vico","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/vico\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/vico\/","wikiTitle":"Giambattista Vico","hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1744 AD","life":"(1668-1744)","id":"C3CC174E-1109-4E7A-B5BF-239C3612CA3B","birthYear":"1668 AD","school":"","name":"Giambattista Vico","interests":"Politics, Ethics, History, Jurisprudence"},{"deathDate":"25 August 1776","libriVoxIDs":["1093","944","7825","2656","3349"],"username":"@DHume","birthDate":"7 May 1711","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1776 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hume\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/hume\/","wikiTitle":"David Hume","life":"(1711-1776)","school":"Empiricism","name":"David Hume","id":"0506F72D-FCD9-4F55-BD23-38953ADD2F88","birthYear":"1711 AD","interests":"Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind, Political Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Classical economics"},{"deathDate":"12 February 1804","libriVoxIDs":["1318","11281","1664","602","508","936"],"username":"@immaculateImmanuel","birthDate":"22 April 1724","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1804 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/kant\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/kantview\/","wikiTitle":"Immanuel Kant","life":"(1724-1804)","school":"Kantianism","name":"Immanuel Kant","id":"8D0D5B08-94A1-401D-AF81-25377AEE86DA","birthYear":"1724 AD","interests":"Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Cosmogony"},{"deathDate":"21 September 1860","libriVoxIDs":["3384","779","9711","9926","10106"],"username":"@grumpy","birthDate":"22 February 1788","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/schopenh\/","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/schopenhauer\/","deathYear":"1860 AD","wikiTitle":"Arthur Schopenhauer","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1788-1860)","birthYear":"1788 AD","name":"Arthur Schopenhauer","school":"Post-Kantian","id":"51165051-8479-477C-8491-8D508EF230E3","interests":"Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Ethics, Phenomenology, Morality, Psychology"},{"deathDate":"11 November 1855","libriVoxIDs":["3757"],"username":"@Kierkegaard","birthDate":"5 May 1813","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1855 AD","wikiTitle":"Søren Kierkegaard","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/kierkegaard\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/kierkega\/","life":"(1813-1855)","id":"EA908AB3-5EA0-41A3-A2F3-1A10C7117046","school":"Christian Existentialism","name":"Søren Kierkegaard","birthYear":"1813 AD","interests":"Christianity, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Aesthetics, Ethics, Psychology"},{"deathDate":"25 August 1900","libriVoxIDs":["498","152","8703","5472","9854","2755","509","985"],"username":"@overman","birthDate":"15 October 1844","topicalDescription":"Friedrich Nietzsche’s theory of power, authority, and truth posits that fact and reality are shaped by power. That truth does not  exist on some uncontested plain but is rather deeply enmeshed in power relations.","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1900 AD","wikiTitle":"Friedrich Nietzsche","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nietzsche\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/nietzsch\/","life":"(1844-1900)","id":"EEDE0B1A-815C-4456-8D2B-0D55028035F8","school":"Nietzschean","name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","birthYear":"1844 AD","interests":"Aesthetics, Ethics, Metaphysics, Nihilism, Psychology, Ontology, Poetry, Value Theory, Voluntarism, Tragedy, Fact–Value Distinction, Anti-Foundationalism, Philosophy of History"},{"deathDate":"2 February 1970","libriVoxIDs":["11024","7652","3112","9959","10402","9495","11065","1317"],"username":"@brussell","birthDate":"18 May 1872","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/russell\/","deathYear":"1970 AD","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/russ-eth\/","wikiTitle":"Bertrand Russell","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1872-1970)","birthYear":"1872 AD","id":"FA2E9B06-057A-44A6-AD55-0771949584D3","name":"Bertrand Russell","school":"Analytic Philosophy","interests":"Epistemology, Ethics, Logic, Mathematics, Metaphysics, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy of Mathematics, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Perception, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Science"},{"deathDate":"15 April 1980","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"21 June 1905","username":"@nauseous","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sartre\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/sartre-ex\/","wikiTitle":"Jean-Paul Sartre","deathYear":"1980 AD","life":"(1905-1980)","id":"5C4140C8-E55F-42D3-A1A6-952D31F524F9","school":"Existentialism","name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","birthYear":"1905 AD","interests":"Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Consciousness, Self-Consciousness, Literature, Political Philosophy, Ontology"},{"deathDate":"4 January 1960","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@stranger","birthDate":"7 November 1913","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1960 AD","wikiTitle":"Albert Camus","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/camus\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/camus\/","life":"(1913-1960)","birthYear":"1913 AD","id":"68E5964C-2753-4873-8782-E95BDA30FD66","name":"Albert Camus","school":"Existentialism","interests":"Ethics, Humanity, Justice, Politics"},{"deathDate":"21 February 1677","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@baruch","birthDate":"24 November 1632","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1677 AD","wikiTitle":"Baruch Spinoza","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/spinoza\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/spinoza\/","life":"(1632-1677)","birthYear":"1632 AD","id":"93D94133-3DC0-42B9-A212-4348EC053CF3","name":"Baruch Spinoza","school":"Rationalism","interests":"Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics"},{"deathDate":"17 July 1790","libriVoxIDs":["2013","1756","2222","2810","4069"],"birthDate":"16 June 1723","username":"@InvisibleHand","topicalDescription":"Adam Smith’s theory of economics and metaphors of an invisible hand has been used to justify laissez faire economic policies.","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/smith-moral-political\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/smith\/","wikiTitle":"Adam Smith","deathYear":"1790 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1723-1790)","school":"Classical Economics","name":"Adam Smith","birthYear":"1723 AD","id":"FB944B6B-3638-496F-A6CC-66C4250ED9AD","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Economics"},{"deathDate":"6 June 1832","libriVoxIDs":["2329","1285"],"birthDate":"15 February 1748","username":"@panopticon","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/bentham\/","deathYear":"1832 AD","wikiTitle":"Jeremy Bentham","hasEBooks":true,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/bentham\/","life":"(1748-1832)","id":"0775D2F7-5F3D-4003-B101-A27738F1DF5D","birthYear":"1748 AD","name":"Jeremy Bentham","school":"Utilitarianism, Legal Positivism, Liberalism","interests":"Political Philosophy, Philosophy of Law, Ethics, Economics"},{"deathDate":"7 May 1873","libriVoxIDs":["6955","1080","304","1940","868"],"username":"@jsm","birthDate":"20 May 1806","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/mill\/","deathYear":"1873 AD","wikiTitle":"John Stuart Mill","hasEBooks":true,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/milljs\/","life":"(1806-1873)","id":"7051875D-8E55-451A-A540-A1044F7F8015","school":"Empiricism, Utilitarianism, Liberalism","name":"John Stuart Mill","birthYear":"1806 AD","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Inductive Logic"},{"deathDate":"May 14, 1940","libriVoxIDs":["2293","8362"],"username":"@EmGoldman","birthDate":"June 27, 1869","topicalDescription":"Emma Goldman, writing from the left, warned repeatedly of the dangers of a prison state and advocated tirelessly for anarchism.","iepLink":null,"speLink":null,"wikiTitle":"Emma Goldman","deathYear":"1940 AD","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1869-1940)","id":"80EC6998-C414-4615-90F8-D7B18D5B3854","name":"Emma Goldman","birthYear":"1868 AD","school":"Anarchism, Anarcha-Feminism, Anarcho-Communism","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Law"},{"deathDate":"August 6, 1969","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@massculture","birthDate":"September 11, 1903","topicalDescription":"Theodor W. Adorno was a critic of the industrialization of the production of art. This critique presaged consolidation of the media industry, which changes not only artistic works but also narrative technique and ultimately self-understanding.","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/","deathYear":"1969 AD","hasEBooks":false,"wikiTitle":"Theodor W. Adorno","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/adorno\/","life":"(1903-1969)","school":"Frankfurt School","id":"C9D4FE75-42D4-4F88-9E9D-A8ECCC08CB7C","name":"Theodor W. Adorno","birthYear":"1903 AD","interests":"Social Theory, Sociology, Psychoanalysis, Aesthetics, Epistemology, Musicology, Mass Media"},{"deathDate":"March 6, 1982","libriVoxIDs":["767"],"birthDate":"February 2, 1905","username":"@atlas","topicalDescription":"Many on the modern right have taken inspiration from Ayn Rand, particularly her advocation for rational self-interest and radical individualism.","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ayn-rand\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/rand\/","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1982 AD","wikiTitle":"Ayn Rand","life":"(1905-1982)","school":"Objectivism","name":"Ayn Rand","id":"3ED20891-9043-47CC-BF2F-13F135A07246","birthYear":"1905 AD","interests":"Political Philosophy, Epistemology, Ethics"},{"deathDate":"14 April 1986","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"9 January 1908","username":"@2ndSimone","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/beauvoir\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/beauvoir\/","wikiTitle":"Simone de Beauvoir","deathYear":"1986 AD","hasEBooks":false,"life":"(1908-1986)","school":"Existentialism, French Feminism, Marxism","id":"0515F212-B273-41C9-8C90-C08414451714","name":"Simone de Beauvoir","birthYear":"1908 AD","interests":"Political Philosophy, Feminism, Ethics, Existential Phenomenology"},{"deathDate":"November 24, 2002","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"February 21, 1921","username":"@veil_of_ignorance","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/rawls\/","hasEBooks":false,"wikiTitle":"John Rawls","deathYear":"2002 AD","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/rawls\/","life":"(1921-2002)","id":"9F487385-705B-4E30-A9A6-6D272E0D4DF4","birthYear":"1921 AD","school":"Analytic Philosophy","name":"John Rawls","interests":"Political Philosophy, Liberalism, Justice, Politics, Social Contract Theory"},{"deathDate":"January 23, 2002","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@nozick","birthDate":"November 16, 1938","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2002 AD","wikiTitle":"Robert Nozick","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nozick-political\/","life":"(1938-2002)","id":"236B155A-FD0A-47E4-943A-14C0B57293BB","name":"Robert Nozick","school":"Analytic, Libertarianism","birthYear":"1938 AD","interests":"Political Philosophy, Ethics, Epistemology"},{"deathDate":"October 9, 2004","libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"July 15, 1930","username":"@derrida","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/derrida\/","deathYear":"2004 AD","hasEBooks":false,"wikiTitle":"Jacques Derrida","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/derrida\/","life":"(1930-2004)","birthYear":"1930 AD","name":"Jacques Derrida","school":"Continental Philosophy","id":"4C870661-2E10-4B20-B3D0-2462DA8192DF","interests":" Ontology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Hermeneutics, Philosophy of Language"},{"deathDate":"June 8, 2007","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@rrorty31","birthDate":"October 4, 1931","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"2007 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/rorty\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/rorty\/","wikiTitle":"Richard Rorty","life":"(1931-2007)","school":"Pragmatism, Postanalytic Philosophy","name":"Richard Rorty","id":"5F255A15-B2C6-41A7-ACDB-ECF9B824C8E6","birthYear":"1931 AD","interests":"Epistemology, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind, Ethics, Metaphilosophy, Liberalism, Meta-Epistemology"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"February 24, 1956","username":"@Judith_Butler","topicalDescription":"Judith Butler’s theory of gender has been formative to trans and queer liberation movement.","iepLink":null,"deathYear":"","speLink":null,"wikiTitle":"Judith Butler","hasEBooks":false,"life":"(1956)","school":"Continental Philosophy, Third-Wave Feminism, Critical Theory, Queer Theory, Postmodernism, Post-Structuralism","name":"Judith Butler","birthYear":"1956 AD","id":"9FB6BB7A-086C-4FB8-B3EF-7E2857C7E0F3","interests":"Feminist Theory, Political Philosophy, Ethics, Psychoanalysis, Discourse, Embodiment, Sexuality, Jewish Philosophy"},{"deathDate":"9 September 1981","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@mirrorphase","birthDate":"13 April 1901","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1981 AD","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/lacweb\/","wikiTitle":"Jacques Lacan","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/lacan\/","life":"(1901-1981)","school":"Lacanian Psychoanalysis","name":"Jacques Lacan","birthYear":"1901 AD","id":"9361456C-B420-49CC-A1CB-773BB44F079A","interests":"Psychology"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":"6 July 1946","username":"@psinger","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":null,"iepLink":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"","wikiTitle":"Peter Singer","life":"(1946)","id":"2C530DBE-E736-4F42-A285-3F2236174CA2","school":"Utilitarianism","name":"Peter Singer","birthYear":"1946 AD","interests":"Ethics, Bioethics, Analytic Philosophy"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@chomsky","birthDate":"December 7, 1928","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"iepLink":null,"wikiTitle":"Noam Chomsky","speLink":null,"deathYear":"","life":"(1946)","id":"3CC9B965-9C88-423A-BDA0-481F078FA3A1","name":"Noam Chomsky","birthYear":"1928 AD","school":"Analytic philosophy","interests":"Linguistics, Politics, Media"},{"deathDate":"December 28, 2004","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@susansontag","birthDate":"January 16, 1933","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":null,"deathYear":"2004 AD","wikiTitle":"Susan Sontag","iepLink":null,"hasEBooks":false,"life":"(1933-2004)","birthYear":"1933 AD","name":"Susan Sontag","school":"","id":"482D1A47-AE79-4B8F-B160-EFCB131D271E","interests":"Politics, Art, Feminism"},{"deathDate":"May 6, 1862","libriVoxIDs":["549","10188","1118","8964"],"username":"@SimpleLiving","birthDate":"July 12, 1817","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1862 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/thoreau\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/thoreau\/","wikiTitle":"Henry David Thoreau","life":"(1817-1862)","id":"9F6757B1-D0C9-4FAC-9ABE-A51F8E4C1961","name":"Henry David Thoreau","birthYear":"1817 AD","school":"Transcendentalism","interests":"Ethics, Poetry, Religion, Politics, History, Biology"},{"deathDate":"17 March 0180","libriVoxIDs":["1095"],"birthDate":"26 April 0121","username":"@Emperor","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"180 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/marcus-aurelius\/","wikiTitle":"Marcus Aurelius","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/marcus\/","life":"(121-180)","id":"9167C1C4-D3E7-4081-B3F8-00371397B356","birthYear":"121 AD","name":"Marcus Aurelius","school":"Stoicism","interests":"Politics, Ethics"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":null,"username":"@epicurious","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/epicur\/","deathYear":"270 BC","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epicurus\/","wikiTitle":"Epicurus","hasEBooks":false,"life":"(341-270 BCE)","birthYear":"341 BC","id":"590E6793-C4CA-4BDE-B8DD-E828951339B3","school":"Epicureanism","name":"Epicurus","interests":"Physics, ethics, epistemology"},{"deathDate":"September 13, 1321","libriVoxIDs":["8972","8834","8836","8924","8944","9496","9565","12274"],"birthDate":null,"username":"@divine","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/dante\/","deathYear":"1321 AD","iepLink":null,"hasEBooks":true,"wikiTitle":"Dante Alighieri","life":"(1265-1321)","school":"Christian Philosophy","name":"Dante Alighieri","id":"9AB7B738-3926-4290-BA69-70D0A2F5EEC2","birthYear":"1265 AD","interests":"Theology, Politics, Ethics"},{"deathDate":"10 September 1797","libriVoxIDs":["83","4656","5469","6734","8872"],"username":"@wollstonecraft","birthDate":"27 April 1759","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/","deathYear":"1797 AD","wikiTitle":"Mary Wollstonecraft","hasEBooks":true,"life":"(1759-1797)","id":"CCC2816D-0CB9-44F4-98C9-CAE66F2EACD3","name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","birthYear":"1759 AD","school":"Feminism","interests":"Feminism, Politics, Ethics"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"birthDate":null,"username":"@cynical","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/diogsino\/","deathYear":"323 BC","speLink":null,"wikiTitle":"Diogenes","life":"(c.412-323 BCE)","id":"28FC9356-FD10-49E5-A10B-F3B3D06B6A3B","birthYear":"412 BC","name":"Diogenes","school":"Cynicism","interests":"Asceticism, Cynicism"},{"deathDate":"5 September 1857","libriVoxIDs":["11694"],"birthDate":"19 January 1798","username":"@Positive","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/comte\/","deathYear":"1857 AD","hasEBooks":true,"wikiTitle":"Auguste Comte","life":"(1798-1857)","id":"389472AB-3BF9-4E5E-BB9E-A5B858BFD20D","name":"Auguste Comte","school":"Positivism","birthYear":"1798 AD","interests":"Encyclopedic Law, Altruism, Positivism"},{"deathDate":"9 April 1626","libriVoxIDs":["744","2864","5965","12806"],"username":"@Bacon","birthDate":"22 January 1561","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1626 AD","wikiTitle":"Francis Bacon","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/francis-bacon\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/bacon\/","life":"(1561-1626)","id":"4E6E7356-E6E7-4F0A-BA66-5502F858E1CF","school":"Empiricism","name":"Francis Bacon","birthYear":"1561 AD","interests":"Natural philosophy, Philosophical logic"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@h2oLover","birthDate":null,"topicalDescription":null,"speLink":null,"hasEBooks":false,"wikiTitle":"Thales of Miletus","deathYear":"0545 BC","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/thales\/","life":"c. (623-545 BCE)","birthYear":"0623 BC","name":"Thales of Miletus","school":"Naturalism","id":"5B8D36E5-56E2-47E4-9C4C-34A0F107D9B1","interests":"Ethics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Astronomy"},{"deathDate":"27 January 1814","libriVoxIDs":["8557"],"username":"@JGF","birthDate":"19 May 1762","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/johann-fichte\/","deathYear":"1814 AD","wikiTitle":"Johann Gottlieb Fichte","hasEBooks":false,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/fichtejg\/","life":"(1762-1814)","birthYear":"1762 AD","id":"2EE09BAD-1395-4394-8F6F-EB591069AE66","school":"German Idealism","name":"Johann Gottlieb Fichte","interests":"Self-Consciousness and Self-Awareness, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy"},{"deathDate":"5 January 2001","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@BruteFactsStated","birthDate":"18 March 1919","topicalDescription":null,"iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/anscombe\/","deathYear":"2001 AD","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/anscombe\/","hasEBooks":false,"wikiTitle":"G. E. M. Anscombe","life":"(1919-2001)","id":"215CFEFE-7D4B-400D-A14B-CD4BE9E0AA30","birthYear":"1919 AD","name":"Elizabeth Anscombe","school":"Analytical Thomism","interests":"Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Action, Philosophical Logic, Philosophy of Language, Ethics"},{"deathDate":"June 1, 1952","libriVoxIDs":["4492","10157","13087","13700","13326","14362"],"username":"@dewey","birthDate":"October 20, 1859","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/dewey\/","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/dewey\/","hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"1952 AD","wikiTitle":"John Dewey","life":"(1859-1952)","birthYear":"1859 AD","name":"John Dewey","id":"35859990-0911-447A-8254-CDFE783671BF","school":"Pragmatism, Instrumentalism","interests":"Philosophy of Education, Epistemology, Ethics"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@T_Nagel","birthDate":"July 4, 1937","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":null,"wikiTitle":"Thomas Nagel","iepLink":null,"speLink":null,"life":"(1937)","birthYear":"1937 AD","school":"Analytic philosophy","name":"Thomas Nagel","id":"87CC8B86-67A2-4481-B7C6-F4E8CE10DEA0","interests":"Politics, Ethics, Philosophy of Mind, Epistemology"},{"deathDate":null,"libriVoxIDs":["4947","5146","9230","11077"],"birthDate":null,"username":"@theYounger","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":true,"deathYear":"0065 AD","wikiTitle":"Seneca the Younger","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/seneca\/","speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/seneca\/","life":"(c. 4 BCE - 65 CE)","school":"Stoicism","name":"Seneca","id":"8CDFDB0C-F4F4-40F9-B00D-0C7EB20E9D1F","birthYear":"0004 BC","interests":"Ethics"},{"deathDate":"May 21, 1935","libriVoxIDs":["4673","4859"],"username":"@Addams_Jane","birthDate":"September 6, 1860","topicalDescription":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/addams-jane\/","hasEBooks":true,"wikiTitle":"Jane Addams","deathYear":"1935 AD","iepLink":"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/addamsj\/","life":"(1915-1980)","birthYear":"1860 AD","name":"Jane Addams","school":"Pragmatism","id":"590670FA-ADBE-4D76-8791-02A88B5E4CC0","interests":"Sociology, Politics"},{"deathDate":"July 29, 1979","libriVoxIDs":[],"username":"@One-Dimensional-Man","birthDate":"July 19, 1898","topicalDescription":null,"hasEBooks":false,"deathYear":"1979 AD","wikiTitle":"Herbert Marcuse","iepLink":null,"speLink":"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/marcuse\/","life":"(1898-1979)","birthYear":"1898 AD","name":"Herbert Marcuse","id":"1B5A089D-F27A-4D71-BE93-959B0FCD7600","school":"Continental Philosophy","interests":"Social Theory, Communism, Socialism, Industrialism, Technology"}]}