[{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"8","text":"There are objective moral standards for human conduct and character.","philosopher":{"id":"4B7B8E3A-A01C-41B5-89B7-F6464C64A104"},"internalID":"34","categoryAbbrevs":["et","on"],"id":"241B95A6-AD75-49CD-9D09-07E2A14A577D"},{"reference":"The Philosophy Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained, DK Pub., 1998","order":"3","text":"In order for leaders to secure glory for the state and themselves, they cannot be bound by morality.","philosopher":{"id":"4ECF88A5-4159-410A-97CA-ED1984280CF6"},"internalID":"1012","categoryAbbrevs":["po"],"id":"46EBF311-D725-4561-8318-C8864FF3B0B7"},{"reference":"The Philosophy Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained, DK Pub., 1998","order":"7","text":"Christian morality is weak and unsuitable for a strong city.","philosopher":{"id":"4ECF88A5-4159-410A-97CA-ED1984280CF6"},"internalID":"1016","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"CD47DA2D-1F3D-48FE-BE15-5625C6060F5D"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"15","text":"The people retain sovereignty, as they continue to have individual rights and the moral right to overthrow tyrannical governements.","philosopher":{"id":"FBB201D1-729F-47E6-9B9F-537091E3F9F3"},"internalID":"169","categoryAbbrevs":["po"],"id":"0C08E740-DD57-47AA-85AA-A03AA48A423F"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"16","text":"Governments that abuse people's right, can be morally overthrown.","philosopher":{"id":"FBB201D1-729F-47E6-9B9F-537091E3F9F3"},"internalID":"170","categoryAbbrevs":["po"],"id":"424B68BF-FB9A-472A-9E31-D6D39AFCF27A"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"15","text":"Moral judgements, rather than arrived at from reason, are expressions of our internal, sentimental motivations.","philosopher":{"id":"0506F72D-FCD9-4F55-BD23-38953ADD2F88"},"internalID":"219","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"102C8557-4ADE-497F-B69C-07FC2FE3F154"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"13","text":"We believe we have free will, at least some of the time; this is demonstrated by our moral concepts (good, right, duty, etc.).","philosopher":{"id":"8D0D5B08-94A1-401D-AF81-25377AEE86DA"},"internalID":"254","categoryAbbrevs":["on","et"],"id":"8FC0DDA5-BC7E-48B3-9204-1798072E3215"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"15","text":"Rationality is a requirment for morality.","philosopher":{"id":"8D0D5B08-94A1-401D-AF81-25377AEE86DA"},"internalID":"256","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"EC59D78C-E4DF-482E-B496-14C42753BBF9"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"16","text":"Moral judgements are imperatives, because morality takes as its issure the choice of action.","philosopher":{"id":"8D0D5B08-94A1-401D-AF81-25377AEE86DA"},"internalID":"257","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"787A9998-6274-4A1A-B8DF-19956C294E61"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"17","text":"Just as the empirical world is govern by scientific laws so too is the moral world governed by universal moral laws.","philosopher":{"id":"8D0D5B08-94A1-401D-AF81-25377AEE86DA"},"internalID":"258","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"E03F8EFA-F42C-4D8A-9B6B-01E3ECC7B501"},{"reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"8","text":"Compassion as a moral good arises because we are one, and we share each other's suffering.","philosopher":{"id":"51165051-8479-477C-8491-8D508EF230E3"},"internalID":"307","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"C84D7DCC-C967-4CC2-8FBE-96EF0FACED08"},{"id":"67634649-101C-439F-AAC9-AF61869D4457","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"internalID":"343","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"2","philosopher":{"id":"EA908AB3-5EA0-41A3-A2F3-1A10C7117046"},"text":"The ultimate moral actor is the individual; decisions we make and our personal lives are important."},{"id":"BC5B13EE-ACE5-477E-AA8E-F9A99ABAB857","categoryAbbrevs":["et","po"],"internalID":"368","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","order":"6","philosopher":{"id":"EEDE0B1A-815C-4456-8D2B-0D55028035F8"},"text":"The Christian epoch is characterize by a slave-morality — the weak are protected while the gifted are oppressed."},{"id":"9660AFF3-4DDC-408A-A6E6-7A64782F3939","categoryAbbrevs":["et","po"],"internalID":"264","reference":"‘The Commonplace Book’ in Works (Editor: J. Bowring), Jeremy Bentham, 1843","order":"5","philosopher":{"id":"0775D2F7-5F3D-4003-B101-A27738F1DF5D"},"text":"The greatest happiness for the greatest number should be foundational in morals and politics."},{"id":"F721ADF3-8749-4FF6-9D27-DB151B959105","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"internalID":"331","reference":"On Liberty, John Stuart Mill,  John W.Parker & Son., 1859","order":"5","philosopher":{"id":"7051875D-8E55-451A-A540-A1044F7F8015"},"text":"There should be freedom to discuss and promote anything, even things that are considered deeply immoral."},{"id":"C5808A0E-04A0-4AA3-BFAD-482AAA2F88A7","categoryAbbrevs":["ep","et"],"internalID":"519","reference":"(& Horkheimer) The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/adorno\/, Author: Andrew Fagan","order":"7","philosopher":{"id":"C9D4FE75-42D4-4F88-9E9D-A8ECCC08CB7C"},"text":"When reason becomes instrumental, like in the wake of the enlightenment, morality is demoted to something akin to personal opinion."},{"id":"C09098D6-B05F-4F27-B101-DB960DD80108","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"internalID":"520","reference":"Minima Moralia, Theodor Adorno, 1951","order":"8","philosopher":{"id":"C9D4FE75-42D4-4F88-9E9D-A8ECCC08CB7C"},"text":"Intelligence is a moral category."},{"id":"E106D81C-904B-4DF6-8444-06201CE8D8E4","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"internalID":"1080","reference":"Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayn_Rand","order":"1","philosopher":{"id":"3ED20891-9043-47CC-BF2F-13F135A07246"},"text":"Humans are heroic and one's own happiness is the moral purpose of life."},{"id":"499CCED8-92DA-44E8-9169-8CC540F10FDE","categoryAbbrevs":["po","et"],"internalID":"532","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","order":"9","philosopher":{"id":"E1D85DE9-595F-40A3-B281-E41B2A68F222"},"text":"Evil is not grand acts of malevolence, but  repeated banal failures of thought and moral judgement, often driven by oppressive political systems."},{"id":"4E68C265-696B-43E9-BF28-FAA83A9AA78C","categoryAbbrevs":["et","po","ep"],"internalID":"635","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","order":"1","philosopher":{"id":"9F487385-705B-4E30-A9A6-6D272E0D4DF4"},"text":"A rigid analytic\/synthetic distinction is not useful in politics or morals."},{"id":"8ADA8DB6-328B-4439-852E-4E6856FD85EC","categoryAbbrevs":["et","po"],"internalID":"763","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/, Author: Edward Feser","order":"5","philosopher":{"id":"236B155A-FD0A-47E4-943A-14C0B57293BB"},"text":"Some of the schemes of the modern welfare state (e.g. taxation) are immoral, as they make the citizen a slave of the state."},{"internalID":"764","philosopher":{"id":"236B155A-FD0A-47E4-943A-14C0B57293BB"},"order":"6","categoryAbbrevs":["et","po"],"id":"4F2B4C87-7A10-4EA8-8C04-CDC7DAA4FB25","reference":"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, iep.utm.edu\/nozick\/, Author: Edward Feser","text":"The only morally justifiable role of the state is to protect individuals from force via a police force and laws, nothing else."},{"internalID":"270","philosopher":{"id":"CCC2816D-0CB9-44F4-98C9-CAE66F2EACD3"},"order":"4","categoryAbbrevs":["et","fe","po"],"id":"6C59093C-4FBB-4DA9-A51E-E81DFB064CE5","reference":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/wollstonecraft\/, Author: Sylvana Tomaselli","text":"A completely new relationship needs to be established between men and women to have a truly moral society."},{"internalID":"2232","philosopher":{"id":"389472AB-3BF9-4E5E-BB9E-A5B858BFD20D"},"order":"3","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"1FB8AFB8-F613-4C12-85F9-695B615744F5","reference":"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011","text":"Moral doctrine owes nothing to the supernatural."},{"internalID":"284","philosopher":{"id":"2EE09BAD-1395-4394-8F6F-EB591069AE66"},"order":"4","categoryAbbrevs":["ep","et"],"id":"E2B259FD-FB07-4320-BE45-BF1B37F485DE","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","text":"We experience ourselves, not through rational introspection, but through moralizing."},{"internalID":"285","philosopher":{"id":"2EE09BAD-1395-4394-8F6F-EB591069AE66"},"order":"5","categoryAbbrevs":["ep","et"],"id":"D63D8BFC-238A-48C8-A3B2-03BFF3D9911C","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","text":"The persistence of the self is revealed to us through our bearing moral responsibility."},{"internalID":"286","philosopher":{"id":"2EE09BAD-1395-4394-8F6F-EB591069AE66"},"order":"6","categoryAbbrevs":["on","et"],"id":"0A027FE6-C143-4A79-8585-B9A88D8A088E","reference":"The Story of Philosophy, Bryan Magee, DK Pub., 1998","text":"Reality is moral, as reality is created by our moral acts."},{"internalID":"605","philosopher":{"id":"215CFEFE-7D4B-400D-A14B-CD4BE9E0AA30"},"order":"4","categoryAbbrevs":["et","th"],"id":"3C87CA6F-64CB-4749-8EDE-9F906B6B3959","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","text":"Thinking of morality as what we “ought” to do, i.e. as a set of rules to follow, assumes a religious conception about what is “owed” to God."},{"internalID":"606","philosopher":{"id":"215CFEFE-7D4B-400D-A14B-CD4BE9E0AA30"},"order":"5","categoryAbbrevs":["et","po","so"],"id":"17141E9B-F6B8-42FD-ABF1-82B27DC2BB3C","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","text":"Our particular understanding of vitues and vices should be used by secular culture to construct a morality."},{"internalID":"607","philosopher":{"id":"215CFEFE-7D4B-400D-A14B-CD4BE9E0AA30"},"order":"6","categoryAbbrevs":["et","on"],"id":"D5A9A141-7857-472B-8054-82DA61DB7AED","reference":"Contemporary Philosophy, Thomas Baldwin, Oxford University Press, 2001","text":"For a secular morality, a new philosophy will be required, one that changes how belief and desire explain actions."},{"internalID":"921","philosopher":{"id":"87CC8B86-67A2-4481-B7C6-F4E8CE10DEA0"},"order":"10","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"E36118A2-CBFC-48B5-ACDA-B7DCFA9C144E","reference":"Mind and Cosmos, Thomas Nagel, Oxford University Press, 2012","text":"Moral realism cannot be established or refuted by a crucial experiment; its validity is a comparative matter."},{"internalID":"2362","philosopher":{"id":"3E3804E0-17AB-4AB9-B647-D4CA2E9C23D5"},"order":"3","categoryAbbrevs":["et"],"id":"B5D6D411-9C79-4563-BF6C-FFBB66829286","reference":"\"The Philosophy Book, DK Pub., 2011\"","text":"Personal integrity and self-reliance are moral imperatives."}]